premiums into their Kazakhstan strategy

For Kazakhstan, the question becomes a tangible reputational risk. The country has heavily invested in its image as a rules-respecting member of the global trading system, so this is not an abstract concern. The WTO’s Director-General has warned that such selective bilateral tariff approaches threaten the core MFN foundation of global trade law. The country has spent the past decade cultivating foreign capital, especially in infrastructure, mining, and logistics. If American tariff policy starts to look erratic, then other governments and firms may begin building risk premiums into their Kazakhstan strategy. Kazakhstan’s Countermoves and Strategic Repositioning ufabet